1	Dr Brian Deal Building Research Council School of Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Energy Conservation on Main Street
2	Overview Why is Energy an important issue? Main Street Programs and Strategies
3	Smart Energy?
4	Energy World Energy Consumption United States, Russia, China, Japan, and Germany consumed half of the world's energy in 1997. United States, China, Russia, Japan, and India were responsible for half of the world's carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of fossil fuels in 1997. Asia recorded the largest absolute increase in consumption between 1988 and 1997, 33 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu). This was more than double the increase of 16 quadrillion Btu for North America, the second largest regional increase in consumption Asia also had the largest absolute increase in energy production between 1988 and 1997, 22 quadrillion Btu. The Middle East had the second largest regional increase at 16 quadrillion Btu.
5	World Energy Use
6	US Energy Use
7	World Oil Production
8	World Oil Production
9	Global Oil Stocks
10	US Energy Use/Capita
11	US Net Oil Imports
12	US Oil Imports
13	U.S. Energy Flows 1997
14	US Electrical Energy
15	Atmospheric CO2
16	Global Carbon Emissions/Person
17	The Built Environment A significant impact on available natural resources Globally, the building industry consumes 40% of the raw stone, gravel, and sand 25% of the virgin timber In the United States, buildings consume 31% of the total energy expended each year 50% of the SO2 25% of the NOx 35% of the CO2 produced $ 210 billion for energy each year 120 billion for residential $90 billion for commercial buildings
18	Why Conserve Energy? Stabilize atmospheric carbon Reduce global climate change impacts Reduce fossil fuels consumption Finite supply world oil consumption will soon surpass production in the next decade world oil production will peak Curtail poor air quality and ozone depletion The challenge is to modify current practices SmartEnergy Solutions
19	Illinois Concerns Annual energy expenditures in Illinois $30.1 billion Commercial buildings $5.2 billion The vitality of small businesses in Illinois is affected by these costs Small Business $mart Energy Program Seeks to help Illinois businesses to identify opportunities to save energy and money Create and save jobs
20	Energy and Historic Structures
21	Energy Conservation Two types Embodied energy The energy that the building embodies Operational energy The energy required to run the building Energy code requirements Any permitted project typically requires adherence to code Doesn’t apply to single family residences Historic buildings are exempt Determination that you are eligible
22	Conservation Strategies Lighting HVAC Thermal Envelope
23	Lighting An important consideration for Main Street buildings Energy savings through lighting choices may occur directly or indirectly Directly, lowering the average number of Watts used per fixture will lower energy consumption. Indirectly, lowering the number of Watts used will also lower the amount of heat added to the building. This reduction will assist with reducing cooling efforts in warmer months.
24	Lighting Alternatives Incandescent versus Fluorescent lighting Incandescent lighting a high-energy choice especially for the amount of light provided Color Considerations Fluorescent Compact Fluorescent No change in fixture or lumens 15,000 hours three-times the average lifetime of an incandescent bulb Tube fluorescents T12 bulbs 40-Watt and 32-Watt type 32-Watt reduces light levels by15% T8 can used without replacing fixtures replacing only ballasts Other considerations Color rendition, and luminance levels should be considered in lighting choices, and may alter the amount of energy savings. new energy efficient bulbs realize desired color rendition and luminance
25	Lighting Comparison
26	Lighting Comparison
27	Other Control Strategies Exit Signs Light Emitting Diodes (LED) do not require bulb replacement. Average life is ten years Incandescent sign is less than one year Lighting Controls Time-based controls Where occupancy and lighting needs are predictable Light-based sensors valuable in Main Street retail and office space, where large front windows allow natural light to enter the building Occupancy-based controls Controlling light usage in rooms where occupancy is unpredictable
28	Exit Lights Analysis Assuming exit lights per Main Street space Operating 8,760 hours per year (24 hours a day, 365 days a year) Incandescent 20 Watts per sign cost $35 a year for two signs LED fixture, 2.5 Watts per sign Cost $4.40 per year Immediate savings of $30.60 per year Lifecycle approach Ten-year period First cost + operational costs two incandescent fixtures is approximately $365 two LED fixtures $125
29	HVAC Air Based Systems Radiant Systems Ground Source Heat Pumps Controls
30	Air Based Systems Ducted systems Can do heat and cool Use 90% condensing furnaces and SEER 14+ AC units Avoid ducts in un-conditioned spaces (attics) Define the thermal envelope Use high-low returns wherever possible Downside Require extensive remodeling and may compromise the existing space May encourage moisture problems Heat the air not necessarily the ‘stuff’ Moves dirt Stratification in high spaces
31	Radiant Systems Heat things not the air CI Radiators Base board Floor based systems Effective in historic structures Work well with typical envelope construction techniques Keeps the wall dry Work well in volume spaces Require alternative AC systems
32	Ground Source Heat Pumps Radiant based Heat and Cool Conserves energy Minimum retrofit required Drawbacks Need space for wells Electric based
33	Controls Programmable Thermostats help reduce energy consumption used for heating, cooling, and set back during non-business or unoccupied hours reducing the amount of energy used For typical office use For operations of ten hours a day, five days a week Can reduce heating and cooling functions for 118 out of the 168 hours in a week—70% of the time For Retail Hours of operation 9-9 (12 hours a day, 84 hours a week) Setback 84 out of 168 hours of the week—50%!
34	Setback Thermostats
35	Envelopes Define the thermal envelope Walls Insulating walls R-20 minimum assembly Rigid foam Fiberglass Dense packed cellulose From interior Vapor barriers Moisture concerns Windows LowE Don’t need to replace for efficiency Poor paybacks on replacement Wash U Energy efficient storm windows Need operable windows Roofs R-40 minimum Green roofs High albedo (reflectance)
36	Illinois SmartEnergy Assistance Center www.sedac.org under construction contact deal@uiuc.edu